By the way
راستی/ در ضمن
?By the way, have you seen Ali recently
راستی، علی را به تازگی ندیده ای؟
In the way
سرراه-به طریقی که .
Please move this chair. It’s in the way.
لطفا این صندلی رو جابجا کن، سر راه است.
Do your work in the way I have shown you.
در مسیری که بهت گفتم کار کن/ فعالیت کن؟ / همونطوری که بهت نشون دادم انجام بده
On the way
در مسیرِ به
On the way to the station, I bought some cigarettes.
در مسیر ایستگاه چند نخ سیگار گرفتم
In this way
به منظور یادگیری زبان یک زبان آموز باید بتواند علاوه بر فراگیری دانش عمومی زبان، به چهار مهارت speaking listening, writing و reading نیز تسلط کافی داشته باشد. در موضوع یادگیری زبان نادیده انگاری یک مهارت به سایر موارد نیز آسیب میرساند. مهارت نوشتاری یکproductive skill می باشد که لازمه آن داشتن receptive skill کافی است، یعنی inputدریافتی بدین منظور باید بسیار قوی باشد. موارد ورودی شامل خواندن و شنیدن و دایره وسیع لغت و دانش گرامری است. زبان آموزان خواستار شرکت در آزمونهای مهم از قبیل دکتری وIELTS به اهمیت یادگیری و داشتن مهارت لازم برای سپری کردن آزمونهای مورد نظر واقف هستند. بدین منظور شرکت در کلاسهای ویژه فراگیری مهارت نوشتاری و یادگیری موارد مهم و ضروری در چگونگی آغاز و بیان مطلب و نتیجه گیری از اهمیت ویژه ای برخوردار است.
یکی از موسسات ارائه دهنده کلاسهای آمادگی شرکت در آزمون IELTS ، مجموعه موفق و پرتلاش MIE میباشد که با بهره مندی از اساتید باتجربه و کوشا که هدفشان راهنمای و هدایت افراد به سوی فراگیری هرچه بهتر و مفیدتر مطالب و کسب نمره دلخواه چه در آزمونهای گوناگون و چه در موارد دیگر از قبیل نوشتن مقاله برای دانشگاه و یا نشریه های معتبر ، زبان آموز را رهنمون می شوند.
سن مناسب برای یادگیری زبان دوم چه سنی است؟
والدین اغلب به دنبال پاسخی مناسب برای این سوال هستند که بهترین زمان برای یادگیری زبان دوم چه سنی است. آموزش زبان دوم که برای ما فارسی زبان‌ها انگلیسی، آلمانی و فرانسه یا هر زبان دیگری می‌تواند به شمار آید از مباحث بسیار چالش برانگیزی بوده است که توجه دانشمندان متعددی را به خود معطوف داشته است.
برخی دانشمندان تفاوتی میان آموزش زبان اول (مثلاً فارسی) و زبان دوم (مثلاً انگلیسی) قائل نیستند و اعتقاد دارند انسان زبان دوم خود را نیز همانند زبان اول فرا می‌گیرد و این درحالی است که بعضی دیگر از زبان شناسان دیدگاهی کاملاً متفاوت ارائه کرده‌اند. در این میان نوام چامسکی زبان‌شناس و نظریه‌پرداز امریکایی فرضیه «دستگاه اکتساب زبان» (Language Acquisition Device) را مطرح کرد.
بر اساس این نظریه کودکی که به دنیا می‌آید به‌صورت ذاتی نوعی توانایی برای یادگیری زبان در اختیار دارد که به او کمک می‌کند به سرعت زبان مادری‌اش را بیاموزد زبان آموزانی که پس از دوره بحرانی، حدود ۱۰ تا ۱۲ سالگی، اقدام به یادگیری زبان دوم می‌کنند بدون شک با مشکلاتی مواجه خواهند شد که بارزترین آنها نداشتن توانایی در ارائه لهجه بومی و صحیح است (براون ۱۹۹۴) پایه و اساس این فرضیه مبتنی بر تحقیقات نورولوژیک است. براساس این تحقیقات مغز انسان پس از دوران بلوغ تقسیم بندی می‌شود و اختصاص‌سازی در مغز صورت می‌گیرد.
شاید یادگیری زبان انگلیسی مهم ترین گام در ارتقا کیفیت زندگی شما باشد.
آیا هیچ فکر کرده اید که دسترسی به اطلاعاتی که دیگران از آن بی بهره اند ، چقدر می تواند جالب باشد؟ یا صحبت کردن با افزاد جالبی که دیگران نمی توانند با آنها ارتباط برقرار کنند؟ یا تحت تاثیر قرار دادن اطرافیانتان هر موقع که دهانتان را باز می کنید؟ و یا پشت سر گذاشتن دیگران با جهش های بزرگی که در شغلتان دارید؟
شما می توانید به همه ی این ها برسید اگر خوب انگلیسی صحبت کنید.
دسترسی به اطلاعات
اولین تأثیرگذاری
وقتی که به انگلیسی صحبت می‌کنید، تلفظ شما قطعاً اولین (و مهمترین) چیزی است که افراد به آن توجه می‌کنند (و نه ساختارهای گرامری و لغاتی که بکار می‌برید).
هنگامی که با کسی ملاقات می‌کنید و یکی دو جمله‌ی انگلیسی به زبان می‌آورید، فکر می‌کنید که او بیشتر به چه چیزی توجه می‌کند؟ به لغاتی که به کار برده‌اید و یا به ساختارهای گرامری آن؟ احتمالاً هیچکدام. او بیشتر به تلفظ شما دقت خواهد کرد. اگر نحوه‌ی تلفظ شما بد باشد، او فوراً پیش خود فکر خواهد کرد که شما چقدر بد صحبت می‌کنید. تلفظ شما اولین تأثیرگذاری روی افراد محسوب می‌شود.
گفتگو
تلفظ خوب بایستی یکی از اولین مواردی باشد که در فرآیند آموزش انگلیسی بدان می‌پردازید. شما بدون استفاده از لغات پیشرفته هم می‌توانید به سر ببرید –می‌توانیداز لغات ساده برای بیان جملاتتان استفاده کنید. بدون گرامر پیشرفته هم می‌توانید به سر ببرید – می‌توانید بجای آن از ساختارهای گرامریساده استفاده کنید. اما چیزی به نام «تلفظ ساده» وجود ندارد.
نتایج تلفظ بد بسیار ناگوار است. حتی اگر موقع صحبت کردن از لغات و گرامر پیشرفته استفاده کنید، دیگران متوجه آنچه که می‌خواهید بگویید نمی‌شوند.
In the IELTS Speaking exam you may be asked questions about the topic of ‘the weather’, perhaps the weather in your country or when you’ve travelled to other countries. Read the following IELTS-style questions and answers below and pay attention to the phrases in bold. Use the ‘Definitions’ section at the bottom of the page to check the meaning of any phrases you don’t understand.
Part 1-style questions
Examiner: What’s the weather like in your country?
Katie: It’s quite changeable really … we have periods of time with clear blue skies then all of a sudden we’ll have torrential rain.
Examiner: Which months have the best weather in your country?
Ernst: Well … I suppose it’s a matter of personal taste really … I like it around the end of October and November … I’m not fond of the heatwaves we often get during the summer … it’s not freezing cold during these months and we still get lots of sunny spells.
Examiner: Does it bother you much when it rains?
Junko: It depends … if I get caught in the rain and I get drenched I don’t like it … but I’m a gardener so a drop of rain is good for my plants.
Part 2-style task
Describe a time when you experienced extreme weather conditions. You should say
and say how you felt about the experience.
I was studying English in a language school a few years ago … we were in Cornwall in the UK … we’d been enjoying lovely sunny days … not a cloud in the sky … when all of a sudden there was a change in the weather … we were in town walking around the shops when it started to pour down … I’d never seen such heavy rain before … within about 10 minutes the roads were full of water … I think they call it a flash flood … it was like being in the middle of a tropical storm … the water was almost up to my knees … the weather forecast hadn’t predicted it so everyone was taken by surprise … I’m not sure you could call it ‘extreme’ weather as a few hours later it started to clear up … the sun came out and slowly the water level went down … but a lot of people’s houses were flooded so it would have been extreme for them … I found it all quite exciting … in my country we generally have a very mild climate and don’t often get floods like this so it was quite an experience for me.
Part 3-style questions
Examiner: Do you think the weather affects how people feel?
Tierre: Absolutely … yes … I don’t mind the occasional cold spell but I think the winter months can make you feel down. I hate having to leave the house in the winter … there’s often a thick fog every morning and we sometimes get bitterly cold winds … the winter certainly makes me feel a little depressed … though having said that … it’s always nice to see the town covered in a blanket of snow.
Examiner: Do you think the weather is changing due to global warming?
Ceri: I don’t know if it’s due to global warming or not but the weather in my country is certainly changing … we’ve been getting quite mild winters lately … the temperatures are sometimes below freezing but only occasionally … and then during the summer it can get boiling hot with a lot of older people even suffering from heatstroke.
Examiner: In which ways are weather forecasts useful?
Sinita: Well … if you’re planning a trip or going on holiday it’s important to know whether you’ll need to dress up warm or take an umbrella … farmers need to know what the long-range forecast is so they can plan their work … I suppose people who organizeoutside events need to know as well in case things get rained off.
Definitions
Do you have any unhealthy habits?
Well, actually I do… When I’m stressed, I bite my lips and pick my nails . Moreover, I used to smoke cigarettes a few years ago, but hopefully I managed to break this habit .
What do you do to stay healthy?
I try to eat healthy food and do regular exercises… Also, I think it’s very important to develop a healthy lifestyle and stick to it… For example, I try to avoid eating junk food .
In your opinion, what is more important, eating healthy food or doing exercises?
Hm… It’s an interesting question… To be honest, I believe that it is crucial to do both in order to be healthy… However, if I had to choose only one option, I would choose eating healthy food, because otherwise, the risk of developing a chronic disease of digestive system increases…
Now, have a look at the card and prepare a monologue
Describe your (or your friend’s) illness or injury experience. You should say:
I would like to talk about a car accident that happened to me a few years ago and resulted in serious injuries… It was a horrible experience that I would not want to relive … my family was driving home, when a big truck crashed into our passenger car. After the accident I blacked out and was transported to the hospital. When I regained consciousness, I discovered that I had five broked bones, several ruptures and many cuts and bruises . To restore the collarbone and leg bone, I had to go through operations, during which metal rods were put onto these bones to fix them… Not surprisingly, I was in a severe pain (), so physicians prescribed me to take painkillers and other medicines for a couple of weeks. During my recovery, I wasn’t able to walk properly and my life then was very difficult. But after several months of proper treatment and physical therapy I fully recovered … I even took up karate soon after! Although the illness was definitely not a pleasant experience, I am very happy and grateful that now I am healthy… Probably, I leaned to value health and became stronger.
How can people be encouraged to stay healthy?
It’s an interesting question… In my opinion, government could encourage people (To start doing sports.)by making it more affordable and popular… Promoting healthy food rationing on the television might be a good idea as well…
What is the best way of helping people with an addiction?
If you ask me, rehab is the best opnion for such people… Professional medical care is essential, if someone wants to overcome the addiction… However, it is also very important to have relatives and friends that would mentally support this person during this period of his or her life…
Do you think people start worrying more about their health as they become older?
Yes, without a doubt! When you’re young, you can affort to drink alcohol and stay awake all night long without damaging your health very much… But as you get older, your body demands more attention and care, therefore you need to worry about your health more and have frequent check-ups …
برای دیدن مطالب بیشتر کافیست کلیک کنید
What kind of sport do you prefer?
I don’t prefer a specific kind of sport, but I really like working out in the gym … That helps me to keep my body in a good shape … A few years ago I had a Isports coach , but now I developed my own fitness program and train alone…
Do you do any kind of sports during weekends?
Yes, sure! I have a lot of spare time during weekends and I do javelin on Saturdays… In summertime I also go cycling with my friends… Generally, I don’t like staying at home all day… I prefer active rest …
Tell me about your hobbies. Is there anything you like to do in your leisure time?
I used to play tennis as a hobby… But a few months ago my family moved to a new place, and there were no tennis courts nearby… That’s why I took up . wrestling… But I still play tennis every once in a while .
Now, have a look at the card and prepare a monologue.
Describe a place that you visit to keep fit. You should say:
and say why is it so important to you
I would like to talk about my local gym that I visit three times a week… It’s a new sports centre with the latest fitness equipment … It has everything you would ever need to keep fit : treadmills, various dumbbells(A weight-lifting gear.) and exercisers for different muscle groups. Moreover, it offers a wide range of different classes for every taste … I developed my own strength-building strategy , so usually I start with a short warm-up when I jog on the treadmill for a few minutes to sweat… Then, I go to the weights sections and start doing lifting exercises… Finally, I end my workout with stretching … I try not to miss my trainings, because they help me to relax and forget about the daily routine.
Should people go in for sports more?
Yes, definitely… Sport should be an essential part of everyone’s life. Not only is it good for your health, but it also helps you to be in a good mood… So people should certainly train more.
Which sport is the best for people, who aren’t used to work-out?
In my point of view, everybody should start with light trainings, maybe jogging or brisk walk every day… It is better to avoid strenuous exercises for the first couple of months, so powerlifting is definitely out of the question…
Why some people enjoy sports more than others?
It is a tough question… I would say, the main reason is it’s hard to find your perfect kind of sport … if you don’t like football or basketball it doesn’t mean you won’t enjoy cricket, for example… It’s important not to fear trial-and-error method and you’ll inevitably find your ideal sport.
برای دیدن مطالب بیشتر کافیست کلیک کنید
It is true that some minority languages may disappear in the near future. Although it can be argued that governments could save money by allowing this to happen, I believe that these languages should be protected and preserved.
There are several reasons why saving minority languages could be seen as a waste of money. Firstly, if a language is only spoken by a small number of people, expensive education programs will be needed to make sure that more people learn it, and the state will have to pay for facilities, teachers and marketing. This money might be better spent on other public services. Secondly, it would be much cheaper and more efficient for countries to have just one language. Governments could cut all kinds of costs related to communicating with each minority group.
Despite the above arguments, I believe that governments should try to preserve languages that are less widely spoken. A language is much more than simply a means of communication; it has a vital connection with the cultural identity of the people who speak it. If a language disappears, a whole way of life will disappear with it, and we will lose the rich cultural diversity that makes societies more interesting. By spending money to protect minority languages, governments can also preserve traditions, customs and behaviours that are part of a country’s history.
In conclusion, it may save money in the short term if we allow minority languages to disappear, but in the long term this would have an extremely negative impact on our cultural heritage.(258 words)
برای دیدن مطالب بیشتر کافیست کلیک کنید
یکى از بهترین راههاى تقویت لیسنینگ ترنسکرایب( transcribe) کردن یا پیاده نمودن متن شنیداری روی کاغذ است.
برای دیدن مطالب بیشتر کافیست کلیک کنید
